About the Authors

R. Scott Cornman

Affiliation Bee Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

David R. Tarpy

Affiliation Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America

Yanping Chen

Affiliation Bee Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Lacey Jeffreys

Affiliation Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America

Dawn Lopez

Affiliation Bee Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Jeffery S. Pettis

Affiliation Bee Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Dennis vanEngelsdorp

Affiliation Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America

Jay D. Evans

Jay.evans@ars.usda.gov

Affiliation Bee Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JDE JSP DV DT YC. Performed the experiments: DL LJ DT DV JSP. Analyzed the data: RSC JDE. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YC JDE DV JSP DT. Wrote the paper: RSC JDE.