About the Authors

Laia Ribas

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom

Ming-Shi Li

Affiliation Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Benjamin J. Doddington

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom

Jacques Robert

Affiliation University of Rochester Medical Centre, Rochester, New York, United States of America

Judith A. Seidel

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom

J. Simon Kroll

Affiliation Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Lyle B. Zimmerman

Affiliation Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom

Nicholas C. Grassly

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom

Trenton W. J. Garner

Affiliation Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London, United Kingdom

Matthew C. Fisher

matthew.fisher@imperial.ac.uk

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: LR MCF. Performed the experiments: LR JAS TWJG. Analyzed the data: LR MSL BJD JAS NCG TWJG MCF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LR MSL JR JSK LBZ TWJG. Wrote the paper: LR MSL BJD JR NCG TWJG MCF.