About the Authors
- Dennis vanEngelsdorp
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Affiliations Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Jay D. Evans
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Affiliation United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- Claude Saegerman
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Affiliation Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Epidemiology and Risk analysis applied to the Veterinary Sciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Chris Mullin
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Affiliation Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Eric Haubruge
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Affiliation Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agricultural University, Gembloux, Belgium
- Bach Kim Nguyen
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Affiliation Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agricultural University, Gembloux, Belgium
- Maryann Frazier
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Affiliation Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Jim Frazier
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Affiliation Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Diana Cox-Foster
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Affiliation Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Yanping Chen
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Affiliation United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- Robyn Underwood
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Affiliation Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- David R. Tarpy
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Affiliation Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Jeffery S. Pettis
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* E-mail: Jeffery.Pettis@ars.usda.gov
Affiliation United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: Dv JSP. Performed the experiments: Dv JDE CM MF JF DRT. Analyzed the data: Dv CS EH BKN RMU. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JDE CM MF JF DLCF YPC DRT. Wrote the paper: Dv JDE CS CM EH BKN RMU DRT JSP.