About the Authors

Giovanni Cattoli

gcattoli@izsvenezie.it

Affiliation OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for avian influenza and Newcastle disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sper.le delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy

Isabella Monne

Affiliation OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for avian influenza and Newcastle disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sper.le delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy

Alice Fusaro

Affiliation OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for avian influenza and Newcastle disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sper.le delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy

Tony M. Joannis

Affiliation National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria

Lami H. Lombin

Affiliation National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria

Mona M. Aly

Affiliation National Laboratory for quality control on poultry production, Dokki (Cairo), Egypt

Abdel S. Arafa

Affiliation National Laboratory for quality control on poultry production, Dokki (Cairo), Egypt

Katharine M. Sturm-Ramirez

Affiliation Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann

Affiliation Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, Bingerville, Ivory Coast

Joseph A. Awuni

Affiliation Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Accra, Ghana

Komla B. Batawui

Affiliation Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Lomé, Togo

Kodzo A. Awoume

Affiliation Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Lomé, Togo

Gilbert L. Aplogan

Affiliation Laboratoire de Diagnostic Vétérinaire et de Sérosurveillance, Parakou, Bénin

Adama Sow

Affiliation Laboratoire National d'Elevage, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Andrè C. Ngangnou

Affiliation Laboratoire National Vétérinaire, Garoua, Cameroon

Iman M. El Nasri Hamza

Affiliation Central Veterinary Research Laboratories, Khartoum, Sudan

Djibo Gamatié

Affiliation Direction des Laboratoires Vétérinaires, Niamey, Niger

Gwenaelle Dauphin

Affiliation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, AGAH Division, Rome, Italy

Joseph M. Domenech

Affiliation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, AGAH Division, Rome, Italy

Ilaria Capua

Affiliation OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for avian influenza and Newcastle disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sper.le delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: GC IC. Performed the experiments: IM AF. Analyzed the data: GC IM AF TJ KMSR IC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TJ LHL MMA ASA KMSR ECH JAA KBB KAA GLA AS ACN IMENH DG GD. Wrote the paper: GC IM AF. Revised the article critically for important intellectual content: JD.