Markedly Elevated Antibody Responses in Wild versus Captive Spotted Hyenas Show that Environmental and Ecological Factors Are Important Modulators of Immunity

• Andrew S. Flies ,

  * E-mail: andyflies@gmail.com

  Affiliations Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia, Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America, Interdisciplinary program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America, Department of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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• Linda S. Mansfield,

  Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America

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• Chris K. Grant,

  Affiliation Custom Monoclonals International Corp, West Sacramento, CA, United States of America

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• Mary L. Weldele,

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America

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• Kay E. Holekamp

  Affiliations Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America, Interdisciplinary program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America

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