Geographic Variation of Melanisation Patterns in a Hornet Species: Genetic Differences, Climatic Pressures or Aposematic Constraints?

• Adrien Perrard ,

  * E-mail: perrard@mnhn.fr

  Affiliations UMR 7205 ISYEB, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America

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• Mariangela Arca,

  Affiliations Unité de Recherche IRD 072-UPR9034 CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution Génomes et Spéciation, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France

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• Quentin Rome,

  Affiliation UMR 7205 ISYEB, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

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• Franck Muller,

  Affiliation UMR 7205 ISYEB, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

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• Jiangli Tan,

  Affiliation School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

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• Sanjaya Bista,

  Affiliation Entomology Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Lalitpur, Nepal

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• Hari Nugroho,

  Affiliation Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia

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• Raymond Baudoin,

  Affiliation CBNBP, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

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• Michel Baylac,

  Affiliation UMR 7205 ISYEB, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

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• Jean-François Silvain,

  Affiliations Unité de Recherche IRD 072-UPR9034 CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution Génomes et Spéciation, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France

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• James M. Carpenter,

  Affiliation Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America

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• Claire Villemant

  Affiliation UMR 7205 ISYEB, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

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