About the Authors

Vincent O. Nyasembe

Affiliation International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Box 30772 Nairobi, Kenya

Xavier Cheseto

Affiliation International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Box 30772 Nairobi, Kenya

Fatma Kaplan

Affiliations Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, 1700 Southwest 23 Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States of America, Kaplan Schiller Research LLC., PO Box 13853, Gainesville, FL, 32604, United States of America

Woodbridge A. Foster

Affiliation Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology,The Ohio State University,318W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America

Peter E. A. Teal

Affiliation Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, 1700 Southwest 23 Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States of America

James H. Tumlinson

Affiliation Center for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, 14 University Park, PA 16802, United States of America

Christian Borgemeister

Affiliations International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Box 30772 Nairobi, Kenya, Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany

Baldwyn Torto

btorto@icipe.org

Affiliation International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Box 30772 Nairobi, Kenya

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: VON XC FK WAF PEAT JHT CB BT. Performed the experiments: VON XC FK BT. Analyzed the data: VON XC FK PEAT BT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FK PEAT BT. Wrote the paper: VON XC FK WAF PEAT JHT CB BT.