About the Authors

Amber N. Stokes

astokes2@csub.edu

Affiliation Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, California, United States of America

Peter K. Ducey

Affiliation Biological Sciences Department, State University of New York, Cortland, New York, United States of America

Lorin Neuman-Lee

Affiliation Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America

Charles T. Hanifin

Affiliation Department of Biology, Utah State University – Uintah Basin, Vernal, Utah, United States of America

Susannah S. French

Affiliation Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America

Michael E. Pfrender

Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America

Edmund D. Brodie III

Affiliation Mountain Lake Biological Station and Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America

Edmund D. Brodie Jr

Affiliation Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: ANS PKD SSF MEP Edmund D. Brodie III Edmund D. Brodie Jr. Performed the experiments: ANS LNL CTH. Analyzed the data: ANS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PKD CTH SSF MEP Edmund D. Brodie III Edmund D. Brodie Jr. Wrote the paper: ANS. Extensive review and editing of manuscript: ANS PKD LNL CTH SSF MEP Edmund D. Brodie III Edmund D. Brodie Jr.