About the Authors

Tomoyuki Oshio

Contributed equally to this work with: Tomoyuki Oshio, Rei Kawashima

Affiliations Department of Gastroenterology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan, Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan

Rei Kawashima

Contributed equally to this work with: Tomoyuki Oshio, Rei Kawashima

Affiliations Department of Gastroenterology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan

Yuki I. Kawamura

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan

Teruki Hagiwara

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan

Noriko Mizutani

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan

Toshihiko Okada

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan

Takeshi Otsubo

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan

Kyoko Inagaki-Ohara

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan

Akihiro Matsukawa

Affiliation Department of Pathology & Experimental Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Okayama, Japan

Tatsuya Haga

Affiliation Department of Life Science, Gakushuin University, Mejiro-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Shigeru Kakuta

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Yoichiro Iwakura

Affiliation Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan

Seijiro Hosokawa

Affiliation Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Taeko Dohi

dohi@ri.ncgm.go.jp

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: TD YIK. Performed the experiments: T. Oshio RK YIK T. Hagiwara NM T. Okada T. Otsubo KI AM SK SH TD. Analyzed the data: T. Oshio RK YIK AM T. Haga SH TD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AM T. Haga SK YI SH. Wrote the paper: T. Oshio RK TD.