About the Authors

Raghav K. Padmanabhan

raghav.krishna@gmail.com (RKP); broysam@central.uh.edu (BR); leemingf@mail.med.upenn.edu (WMFL)

Affiliation Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Vinay H. Somasundar

Affiliation Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Sandra D. Griffith

Affiliation Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Jianliang Zhu

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Drew Samoyedny

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Kay See Tan

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Jiahao Hu

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Xuejun Liao

Affiliation Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Lawrence Carin

Affiliation Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Sam S. Yoon

Affiliation Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Keith T. Flaherty

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, MGH, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Robert S. DiPaola

Affiliations The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America

Daniel F. Heitjan

Affiliations Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Priti Lal

Affiliation Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Michael D. Feldman

Affiliations Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Badrinath Roysam

raghav.krishna@gmail.com (RKP); broysam@central.uh.edu (BR); leemingf@mail.med.upenn.edu (WMFL)

Affiliation Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America

William M. F. Lee

raghav.krishna@gmail.com (RKP); broysam@central.uh.edu (BR); leemingf@mail.med.upenn.edu (WMFL)

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RKP WMFL. Performed the experiments: RKP. Analyzed the data: RKP VHS SDG KST DFH WMFL BR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RKP VHS XL LC. Wrote the paper: RKP WMFL. Performed tumor specimen immunostaining and multispectral image acquisition and processing: JZ. Contributed to image analysis: JZ. Contributed to multispectral image acquisition and processing: DS. Helped design and refine image analysis: DS JH. Performed tumor image analysis and data collection: DS. Contributed to expert quantification of endothelial cells, tumor cells and analyte expression: JH. Designed and conducted the clinical trial that provided the soft tissue sarcoma samples, selecting the specimens studied and supervising their analysis: SSY KTF. Chaired the clinical trials that provided the renal cell carcinoma samples, selecting the specimens studied and supervising their analysis: RSD. Performed pathology review of tumor specimens: PL MDF. Provided expert quantification of endothelial cells, tumor cells and analyte expression: PL MDF. Supervised image collection and analysis and data interpretation, and contributed to expert quantification of endothelial cells, tumor cells and analyte expression: WMFL. Overall design of the project: BR.