About the Authors

Tracy K. Richmond

tracy.richmond@childrens.harvard.edu

Affiliation Division of Adolescent Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Marc N. Elliott

Affiliation Statistics, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, United States of America

Luisa Franzini

Affiliation Division of Management, Policy, and Community Health, The University of Texas School of Public Health/Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas Research Program in Payment Systems and Policies, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Ichiro Kawachi

Affiliation Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Margaret O. Caughy

Affiliation University of Texas School of Public Health, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

M. Janice Gilliland

Affiliation Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Courtney E. Walls

Affiliation Epidemiology, Decision Resources, Burlington, Massachusetts, United States of America

Frank A. Franklin

Affiliation Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Richard Lowry

Affiliation Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Stephen W. Banspach

Affiliation Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Mark A. Schuster

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: TKR MNE MAS IK FF CEW. Analyzed the data: TKR MNE MAS IK CEW. Wrote the paper: TKR CEW MNE MAS. Helped conceive of, design, and recruit for the cohort from which this study is designed: MOC MJG FAF SWP RL LF. Reviewed and edited the manuscript: MOC MJG FAF SWP RL LF.