Four Common Pesticides, Their Mixtures and a Formulation Solvent in the Hive Environment Have High Oral Toxicity to Honey Bee Larvae

Wanyi Zhu; Daniel R. Schmehl; Christopher A. Mullin; James L. Frazier

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077547

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Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Four Common Pesticides, Their Mixtures and a Formulation Solvent in the Hive Environment Have High Oral Toxicity to Honey Bee Larvae

Wanyi Zhu ,

* E-mail: wanyizhupsu@gmail.com

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
⨯
Daniel R. Schmehl,

Affiliation Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
⨯
Christopher A. Mullin,

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
⨯
James L. Frazier

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
⨯

Four Common Pesticides, Their Mixtures and a Formulation Solvent in the Hive Environment Have High Oral Toxicity to Honey Bee Larvae

Wanyi Zhu,
Daniel R. Schmehl,
Christopher A. Mullin,
James L. Frazier

Published: January 8, 2014
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077547

About the Authors

Wanyi Zhu

* E-mail: wanyizhupsu@gmail.com

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Daniel R. Schmehl

Affiliation Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America

Christopher A. Mullin

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

James L. Frazier

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: WYZ DRS CAM JLF. Performed the experiments: WYZ DRS. Analyzed the data: WYZ CAM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: WYZ DRS CAM JLF. Wrote the paper: WYZ. Provided suggestions and comments on the manuscript: CAM.

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Larvae
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Pesticides
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Toxicity
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Honey bees
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Diet
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Pollen
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Death rates
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Bees
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