About the Authors

Tanzeela Khalid

Affiliation Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Paul White

Affiliation Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol, United Kingdom

Ben De Lacy Costello

Affiliation Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol, United Kingdom

Raj Persad

Affiliation Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom

Richard Ewen

Affiliation Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol, United Kingdom

Emmanuel Johnson

Affiliation Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Chris S. Probert

Chris.Probert@liverpool.ac.uk

Affiliation Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Norman Ratcliffe

Affiliation Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

I have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts: Christopher Probert, Ben De lacy Costello, Norman Ratcliffe and Richard Ewen have a GB patent application (GB 0920315.9) which protects the detection system design. We confirm that the authors Christopher Probert, Ben de Lacy Costello, Norman Ratcliffe and Richard Ewen have a patent relating to material pertinent to this article. The title of the patent is a “device and method for analysing samples to diagnose disease”. The associated numbers are (WO2011061308, EP2010067859, GB0920315.9). We confirm that this does not alter our adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed in the guide for authors.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CP RP BC NR. Performed the experiments: TK EJ RE. Analyzed the data: TK PW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RP EJ. Wrote the manuscript: CP NR BC TK PW RP EJ RE.