About the Authors

Christopher Bohl

Affiliations Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America

Dane Bowder

Affiliations Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America

Jesse Thompson

Affiliations Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America

Levon Abrahamyan

Affiliations Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America

Sandra Gonzalez-Ramirez

Affiliations Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America

Youdong Mao

Affiliations Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Joseph Sodroski

Affiliations Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Charles Wood

Affiliations Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America

Shi-hua Xiang

sxiang2@unl.edu

Affiliations Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SHX CB. Performed the experiments: CB DB JT LA SGR. Analyzed the data: SHX CW YM JS. Wrote the paper: SHX JS.