About the Authors

Nathan C. Manley

nmanley@stanford.edu

Affiliations Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Stanford Stroke Center and Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Javier R. Caso

Current address: Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology and CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Affiliation Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Melissa G. Works

Affiliation Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Andrew B. Cutler

Current address: College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Ilona Zemlyak

Affiliation Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Guohua Sun

Affiliations Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Stanford Stroke Center and Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Carolina D. Munhoz

Affiliation Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Sydney Chang

Current address: Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Shawn F. Sorrells

Current address: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Florian V. Ermini

Affiliation Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Johannes H. Decker

Affiliation Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Anthony A. Bertrand

Current address: University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Klaus M. Dinkel

Current address: Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Dortmund, Germany

Affiliation Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Gary K. Steinberg

Affiliations Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Stanford Stroke Center and Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Robert M. Sapolsky

Affiliations Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Stanford Stroke Center and Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following conflict: The techniques described in this manuscript are part of patent number 11/713,218 filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on Feb. 28, 2007. The name of the patent in question is "Trojan Horse Immunotherapy." This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: NCM RMS. Performed the experiments: NCM JRC MGW ABC IZ GS CDM SC SFS FVE JHD AAB KMD. Analyzed the data: NCM JRC MGW ABC CDM SC JHD AAB GKS RMS. Wrote the paper: NCM RMS.