About the Authors

Wei Wang

wangwei3@pitt.edu

Affiliations Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Jennifer L. Collinger

Affiliations Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Alan D. Degenhart

Affiliations Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Elizabeth C. Tyler-Kabara

Affiliations Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Andrew B. Schwartz

Affiliations Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Daniel W. Moran

Affiliation Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Douglas J. Weber

Affiliations Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Brian Wodlinger

Affiliations Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Ramana K. Vinjamuri

Affiliation Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Robin C. Ashmore

Affiliation Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

John W. Kelly

Affiliation Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Michael L. Boninger

Affiliations Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: WW JLC ADD ECT-K ABS DWM DJW BW RV RCA JWK MLB. Performed the experiments: WW JLC ADD ECT-K ABS DWM DJW BW RV RCA JWK MLB. Analyzed the data: WW JLC ADD ECT-K ABS DWM DJW BW RV RCA JWK MLB. Wrote the paper: WW JLC ADD BW MLB.