About the Authors
- Thomas J. Foutz
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Contributed equally to this work with: Thomas J. Foutz, D. Michael Ackermann Jr.
Affiliations Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- D. Michael Ackermann Jr.
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Contributed equally to this work with: Thomas J. Foutz, D. Michael Ackermann Jr.
Affiliations Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Biodesign, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Kevin L. Kilgore
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Affiliations Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Cameron C. McIntyre
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* E-mail: mcintyc@ccf.org
Affiliations Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
Competing Interests
The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts. CCM - equity interest and paid consultant (IntElect Medical Inc.), equity interest (Autonomic Technologies Inc., Neuros Medical Inc.), paid consultant (Boston Scientific Neuromodulation Corp.). KLK - equity interest and paid consultant (Neuros Medical Inc.). TJF, DMA, and CCM have submitted US patent application #61/515,066 “Apparatus and method for energy efficient stimulation” related to this work. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: DMA TJF KLK CCM. Performed the experiments: DMA TJF. Analyzed the data: DMA TJF CCM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KLK CCM. Wrote the paper: TJF DMA CCM.