About the Authors

Stephen J. Beebe

sbeebe@odu.edu

Affiliation Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America

Yeong-Jer Chen

Affiliation Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America

Nova M. Sain

Affiliation Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America

Karl H. Schoenbach

Affiliations Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America

Shu Xiao

Affiliations Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SJB SX. Performed the experiments: NMS YC. Analyzed the data: SJB YJC NMS SX. Wrote the paper: SJB KHS SX.