About the Authors

Andrew P. S. Wheeler

a.wheeler@soton.ac.uk

Affiliation Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

Samir Morad

Affiliation School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

Noor Buchholz

Affiliation Department of Urology, Newham University Hospital, Plaistow, London, United Kingdom

Martin M. Knight

Affiliation School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AW MK. Performed the experiments: AW SM MK. Analyzed the data: AW SM MK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AW SM MK. Wrote the paper: AW MK. Clinical support with patient trial: NB. Computational modelling: AW.