About the Authors

Samuel Minot

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Gary D. Wu

Affiliation Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

James D. Lewis

Affiliation Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Frederic D. Bushman

bushman@mail.med.upenn.edu

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SM FDB GW JL. Performed the experiments: SM. Analyzed the data: SM FDB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SM. Wrote the paper: SM FDB.