About the Authors

Carrol Gamble

c.gamble@liv.ac.uk

Affiliation Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Simon Nadel

Affiliation St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

Dee Snape

Affiliation Mental and Behavioural Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Andrew McKay

Affiliation Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Helen Hickey

Affiliation Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Paula Williamson

Affiliation Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Linda Glennie

Affiliation Meningitis Research Foundation, Thornbury, Bristol, United Kingdom

Claire Snowdon

Affiliation London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Bridget Young

Affiliation Mental and Behavioural Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CG SN HH BY. Performed the experiments: CG SN DS AM HH PW LG CS BY. Analyzed the data: DS BY AM CG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LG. Wrote the paper: CG SN DS AM HH PW LG CS BY.