About the Authors

Nicholette D. Palmer

nallred@wfubmc.edu

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Caitrin W. McDonough

Affiliations Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Program in Molecular Medicine and Translational Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Pamela J. Hicks

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Bong H. Roh

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Maria R. Wing

Affiliations Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Program in Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

S. Sandy An

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Jessica M. Hester

Affiliations Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Program in Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Jessica N. Cooke

Affiliations Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Program in Molecular Medicine and Translational Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Meredith A. Bostrom

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Megan E. Rudock

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Matthew E. Talbert

Affiliations Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Program in Molecular Medicine and Translational Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Joshua P. Lewis

Affiliations Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Program in Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

DIAGRAM Consortium

Membership of the DIAGRAM Consortium and MAGIC Investigators are provided in the Acknowledgments.

MAGIC Investigators

Membership of the DIAGRAM Consortium and MAGIC Investigators are provided in the Acknowledgments.

Assiamira Ferrara

Affiliation Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, United States of America

Lingyi Lu

Affiliation Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Julie T. Ziegler

Affiliation Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Michele M. Sale

Affiliation Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America

Jasmin Divers

Affiliation Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Daniel Shriner

Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Adebowale Adeyemo

Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Charles N. Rotimi

Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Maggie C. Y. Ng

Affiliations Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Carl D. Langefeld

Affiliation Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Barry I. Freedman

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Donald W. Bowden

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Competing Interests

One or more of the authors that belong to the MAGIC Investigators group and the DIAGRAM Consortium are employed by a commercial company (Gen-Info Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia; Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden; deCODE Genetics; GlaxoSmithKline; Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada); details of these commercial affiliations can be found at the end of this paper. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: NDP CWM MCYN CDL BIF DWB MMS. Performed the experiments: NDP CWM PJH BHR MRW SSA JMH JNC MAB MER MET JPL. Analyzed the data: NDP LL JTZ JD DS AA CNR MCYN CDL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CDL. Wrote the paper: NDP CWM DWB. Provided consortium data for replication: DIAGRAM Consortium, MAGIC Investigators. Reviewed the manuscript: AF.