About the Authors
- Nicholette D. Palmer
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* E-mail: nallred@wfubmc.edu
Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Caitrin W. McDonough
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Affiliations Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Program in Molecular Medicine and Translational Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Pamela J. Hicks
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Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Bong H. Roh
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Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Maria R. Wing
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Affiliations Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Program in Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- S. Sandy An
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Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Jessica M. Hester
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Affiliations Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Program in Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Jessica N. Cooke
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Affiliations Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Program in Molecular Medicine and Translational Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Meredith A. Bostrom
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Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Megan E. Rudock
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Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Matthew E. Talbert
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Affiliations Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Program in Molecular Medicine and Translational Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Joshua P. Lewis
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Affiliations Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Program in Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- DIAGRAM Consortium
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¶¶Membership of the DIAGRAM Consortium and MAGIC Investigators are provided in the Acknowledgments.
- MAGIC Investigators
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¶¶Membership of the DIAGRAM Consortium and MAGIC Investigators are provided in the Acknowledgments.
- Assiamira Ferrara
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Affiliation Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, United States of America
- Lingyi Lu
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Affiliation Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Julie T. Ziegler
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Affiliation Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Michele M. Sale
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Affiliation Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Jasmin Divers
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Affiliation Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Daniel Shriner
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Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Adebowale Adeyemo
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Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Charles N. Rotimi
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Affiliation Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Maggie C. Y. Ng
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Affiliations Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carl D. Langefeld
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Affiliation Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Barry I. Freedman
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Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Donald W. Bowden
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Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
Competing Interests
One or more of the authors that belong to the MAGIC Investigators group and the DIAGRAM Consortium are employed by a commercial company (Gen-Info Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia; Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden; deCODE Genetics; GlaxoSmithKline; Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada); details of these commercial affiliations can be found at the end of this paper. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: NDP CWM MCYN CDL BIF DWB MMS. Performed the experiments: NDP CWM PJH BHR MRW SSA JMH JNC MAB MER MET JPL. Analyzed the data: NDP LL JTZ JD DS AA CNR MCYN CDL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CDL. Wrote the paper: NDP CWM DWB. Provided consortium data for replication: DIAGRAM Consortium, MAGIC Investigators. Reviewed the manuscript: AF.