About the Authors

Igor Shuryak

is144@columbia.edu

Affiliation Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

David J. Brenner

Affiliation Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Robert L. Ullrich

Affiliation Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RLU. Performed the experiments: RLU. Analyzed the data: IS DJB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: IS DJB RLU. Wrote the paper: IS DJB RLU. Developed the mechanistic carcinogenesis model: IS DJB.