About the Authors

Franziska Schöni-Affolter

Contributed equally to this work with: Franziska Schöni-Affolter, Olivia Keiser

Affiliations Division of International and Environmental Health, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Data Centre, Swiss HIV Cohort Study, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Olivia Keiser

Contributed equally to this work with: Franziska Schöni-Affolter, Olivia Keiser

Affiliation Division of International and Environmental Health, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Albert Mwango

Affiliation Zambian Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia

Jeffrey Stringer

Affiliations Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Lusaka, Zambia, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Bruno Ledergerber

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Lloyd Mulenga

Affiliation Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Lusaka, Zambia

Heiner C. Bucher

Affiliation Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Andrew O. Westfall

Affiliations Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Lusaka, Zambia, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Alexandra Calmy

Affiliation HIV/Aids Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Andrew Boulle

Affiliation School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Namwinga Chintu

Affiliations Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Lusaka, Zambia, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Matthias Egger

egger@ispm.unibe.ch

Affiliations Division of International and Environmental Health, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Benjamin H. Chi

Affiliations Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Lusaka, Zambia, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: FSA OK ME AB. Analyzed the data: FSA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: OK. Wrote the paper: FSA OK ME BHC. Contributed to manuscript writing and contribution of data: AM JS BL LM NC HCB AOW AC BHC.