About the Authors

Anne Fischer

afischer@icipe.org

Current address: International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya

Affiliation Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

Kay Prüfer

Affiliation Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

Jeffrey M. Good

Current address: Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America

Affiliation Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

Michel Halbwax

Current address: Fernan Vaz Gorilla Project, Port-Gentil, Gabon

Affiliation Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

Victor Wiebe

Affiliation Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

Claudine André

Affiliation Lola Ya Bonobo Bonobo Sanctuary, “Petites Chutes de la Lukaya”, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Rebeca Atencia

Affiliation Réserve Naturelle Sanctuaire à Chimpanzés de Tchimpounga, Jane Goodall Institute, Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo

Lawrence Mugisha

Affiliation Chimpanzee Sanctuary and Wildlife Conservation Trust (CSWCT), Entebbe, Uganda

Susan E. Ptak

Affiliation Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

Svante Pääbo

Affiliation Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AF SP. Performed the experiments: AF VW. Analyzed the data: AF KP SEP JMG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AF KP MH CA RA LM SP. Wrote the paper: AF SEP SP KP JMG. Obtained CITES permits for chimpanzee and bonobo samples:: CA RA LM.