About the Authors
- Hope R. Ferdowsian
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* E-mail: hferdowsian@pcrm.org
Affiliations Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Debra L. Durham
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Affiliation Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Charles Kimwele
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Affiliation Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi–Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- Godelieve Kranendonk
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Affiliation AAP Sanctuary for Exotic Animals, Almere, The Netherlands
- Emily Otali
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Affiliation Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Makerere University Biological Field Station, Kibale, Uganda
- Timothy Akugizibwe
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Affiliation Uganda Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kampala, Uganda
- J. B. Mulcahy
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Affiliation Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest, Cle Elum, Washington, United States of America
- Lilly Ajarova
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Affiliation Chimpanzee Sanctuary and Wildlife Conservation Trust, Entebbe, Uganda
- Cassie Meré Johnson
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Affiliation Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America
Competing Interests
HRF and DLD are employed by Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, which is a non-governmental organization that promotes higher ethical standards in research and alternatives to the use of animals in research, education, and training. JBM is employed by Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest, which provides lifetime quality care for formerly abused or exploited chimpanzees, while advocating for great apes through education and collaboration. GK is employed by AAP Sanctuary for Exotic Animals, which promotes the replacement of the use in apes in invasive research. CK is a consultant to the World Society for the Protection of Animals and Chairman of the Board of Directors and Scientific Advisor to the Africa Network for Animal Welfare. LA is employed by Chimpanzee Sanctuary & Wildlife Conservation Trust, which promotes the conservation of chimpanzees and their habitats. EO CMJ and TA declare no conflicts of interest. All of the organizations mentioned are nonprofit organizations, and all authors adhere to the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: HRF DLD. Analyzed the data: HRF CMJ DLD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HRF DLD CMJ. Wrote the paper: HRF DLD. Assisted with data acquisition or interpretation of data: HRF DLD CK GK EO TA JBM LA CMJ. Critically reviewed or revised article: HRF DLD CK GK EO TA JBM LA CMJ. Provided final approval for the article to be published: HRF DLD CK EO TA JBM LA CMJ.