About the Authors

Qi Li

Affiliations Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Shaozheng Qin

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Li-Lin Rao

Affiliations Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Wencai Zhang

Affiliation Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Xiaoping Ying

Affiliation Center for Social Psychology Studies, Institute of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Social Science, Beijing, China

Xiuyan Guo

Affiliation Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Chunyan Guo

Affiliation Learning & Cognition Lab, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China

Jinghong Ding

Affiliation Learning & Cognition Lab, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China

Shu Li

luoj@psych.ac.cn (JL); lishu@psych.ac.cn (SL)

Affiliation Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Jing Luo

luoj@psych.ac.cn (JL); lishu@psych.ac.cn (SL)

Affiliations Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Learning & Cognition Lab, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: QL JL. Performed the experiments: QL SQ LLR WZ XY XG CG JD. Analyzed the data: QL SQ WZ CG JD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SQ. Wrote the paper: QL SL JL LLR WZ. Supplied the software used in analysis: SQ.