About the Authors

Catherine N. Muturi

Affiliation Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya

Johnson O. Ouma

Affiliation Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kikuyu, Kenya

Imna I. Malele

Affiliation Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, Tanga, Tanzania

Raphael M. Ngure

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya

Jane J. Rutto

Affiliation Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kikuyu, Kenya

Klaus M. Mithöfer

Affiliation Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya

John Enyaru

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

Daniel K. Masiga

dmasiga@icipe.org

Affiliation Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CNM JOO DKM. Performed the experiments: CNM IIM JJR DKM. Analyzed the data: JOO IIM RMN DKM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JOO KMM DKM JE. Wrote the paper: CNM JOO IIM DKM.