About the Authors

Xiuchun Ge

Affiliation Philips Institute of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Todd Kitten

Affiliations Philips Institute of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America, Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Cindy L. Munro

Affiliation Department of Adult Health Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Daniel H. Conrad

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Ping Xu

pxu@vcu.edu

Affiliations Philips Institute of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America, Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: PX. Performed the experiments: XG TK CLM PX. Analyzed the data: XG TK CLM DC PX. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DC PX. Wrote the paper: XG PX.