About the Authors

Joel C. Miller

joel.c.miller.research@gmail.com

Affiliations Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Leon Danon

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

Justin J. O'Hagan

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Edward Goldstein

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Martin Lajous

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

Marc Lipsitch

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JCM LD JJO EG ML M. Lipsitch. Performed the experiments: JCM M. Lipsitch. Analyzed the data: JCM M. Lipsitch. Wrote the paper: JCM LD JJO M. Lipsitch.