About the Authors

Vladimir Novitsky

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Rui Wang

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Hermann Bussmann

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Shahin Lockman

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Marianna Baum

Affiliation Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert R. Stempel School of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America

Roger Shapiro

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Ibou Thior

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Carolyn Wester

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

C. William Wester

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute of Global Health (VIGH), Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Anthony Ogwu

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Aida Asmelash

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Rosemary Musonda

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Adriana Campa

Affiliation Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert R. Stempel School of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America

Sikhulile Moyo

Affiliation Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Erik van Widenfelt

Affiliation Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Madisa Mine

Affiliation Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Claire Moffat

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Mompati Mmalane

Affiliation Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Joseph Makhema

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Richard Marlink

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Peter Gilbert

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

George R. Seage III

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Victor DeGruttola

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

M. Essex

messex@hsph.harvard.edu

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: VN RW HB SL GRS VD ME. Analyzed the data: VN RW EvW PBG VD. Wrote the paper: VN RW HB VD ME. Provided clinical support: HB SL MB RS IT CW CWW AO AA AC CM M. Mmalane JM Provided laboratory support: R. Musonda SM M. Mine R. Marlink.