About the Authors

Kristin L. Nichol

nicho014@umn.edu

Affiliations Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Kate Tummers

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, United States of America

Alanna Hoyer-Leitzel

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, United States of America

Jennifer Marsh

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, United States of America

Matt Moynihan

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, United States of America

Steven McKelvey

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, United States of America

Competing Interests

KLN has received support for research projects through grants to the Minnesota Veterans Research Institute from Sanofi Pasteur and GlaxoSmithKline. KLN has also served as a consultant to or on medical advisory boards to influenza vaccine manufacturers: Sanofi Pasteur, GlaxoSmithKline, MedImmune, Novartis, CSL. No reported conflicts for other authors.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KN KT AHL JM MM SM. Performed the experiments: KN KT AHL JM MM. Analyzed the data: KN KT AHL JM MM SM. Wrote the paper: KN. Reviewed and commented on the paper: KT. Provided oversight and mentorship to the other contributing authors, verified the models and reviewed and approved the manuscript: SM.