About the Authors

Sharon Perry

shnperry@stanford.edu

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Bouke C. de Jong

Affiliation Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia

Jay V. Solnick

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America

Maria de la Luz Sanchez

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Shufang Yang

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Philana Ling Lin

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Lori M. Hansen

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America

Najeeha Talat

Affiliation Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

Philip C. Hill

Affiliation Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia

Rabia Hussain

Affiliation Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

Richard A. Adegbola

Affiliation Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia

JoAnne Flynn

Affiliation Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Don Canfield

Affiliation Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America

Julie Parsonnet

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SP JP. Performed the experiments: JS SY LMH NT DRC. Analyzed the data: SP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BCD JS PLl RH RAA JLF. Wrote the paper: SP. Gambian study sample recruitment: BCdJ RAA. Performed primate study experiments: JS LMH DRC. Contributed to primate study presentation: JS JLF. Northern California recruitment: MdlLS. Performed human and primate study experiments: SY. Primate study sample recruitment: PLL JLF. Performed Karachi study experiments: NT. Contributed to Gambian study presentation: PCH. Karachi study recruitment: RH.