About the Authors

Matthew T. G. Holden

mh3@sanger.ac.uk

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Heidi Hauser

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Mandy Sanders

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Thi Hoa Ngo

Affiliation Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

Inna Cherevach

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Ann Cronin

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Ian Goodhead

Current address: School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Karen Mungall

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Michael A. Quail

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Claire Price

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Ester Rabbinowitsch

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Sarah Sharp

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Nicholas J. Croucher

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Tran Bich Chieu

Affiliation Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

Nguyen Thi Hoang Mai

Affiliation Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

To Song Diep

Affiliation Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

Nguyen Tran Chinh

Affiliation Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

Michael Kehoe

Affiliation Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

James A. Leigh

Affiliation The School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom

Philip N. Ward

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, United Kingdom

Christopher G. Dowson

Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

Adrian M. Whatmore

Current address: Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom

Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

Neil Chanter

Affiliation Centre for Preventative Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom

Pernille Iversen

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Marcelo Gottschalk

Affiliation Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

Josh D. Slater

Affiliation Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom

Hilde E. Smith

Affiliation Animal Sciences Group (ASG), Wageningen UR, UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands

Brian G. Spratt

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

Jianguo Xu

Affiliation State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China

Changyun Ye

Affiliation State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China

Stephen Bentley

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Barclay G. Barrell

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Constance Schultsz

Affiliations Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, Academic Medical Center-Center for Poverty-Related Communicable Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Duncan J. Maskell

Affiliation Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Julian Parkhill

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MTGH MK JAL PNW CGD AMW NC MG JDS HS BGS JX CY SDB BB CS DJM JP. Performed the experiments: MTGH HH MS THN IC AC IG KM MAQ CP ER SS TBC. Analyzed the data: MTGH HH MS NJC PI CS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: THN TBC NTHM TSD NTC JX CY. Wrote the paper: MTGH HH MS NJC JAL MG HS BGS SDB CS DJM JP.