About the Authors

Anastasia Gardiner

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ag91@st-andrews.ac.uk

Affiliation School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom

Daniel Barker

Affiliation School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom

Roger K. Butlin

Affiliation Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

William C. Jordan

Affiliation Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom

Michael G. Ritchie

Affiliation School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RB WJ MR. Performed the experiments: AG. Analyzed the data: DB AG. Wrote the paper: RB DB AG WJ MR.