About the Authors

Jian J. Duan

Affiliation Ecological Technology Center, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Michelle Marvier

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mmarvier@scu.edu

Affiliation Environmental Studies Institute, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America

Joseph Huesing

Affiliation Ecological Technology Center, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Galen Dively

Affiliation Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America

Zachary Y. Huang

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America

Competing Interests

Two of the authors, Jian Duan and Joseph Huesing, are employed by Monsanto Company, which produces and markets Bt crops.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MM JD. Analyzed the data: MM JD. Wrote the paper: MM JD ZH JH GD.