About the Authors

Fredrik O. Vannberg

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: fredrik.vannberg@well.ox.ac.uk

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Stephen J. Chapman

Contributed equally to this work with: Stephen J. Chapman, Chiea C. Khor

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Chiea C. Khor

Contributed equally to this work with: Stephen J. Chapman, Chiea C. Khor

Current address: Section for Genetic Medicine, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Kerrie Tosh

Current address: AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Sian Floyd

Affiliation London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Dolly Jackson-Sillah

Affiliation Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia

Amelia Crampin

Affiliations London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi

Lifted Sichali

Affiliation Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi

Boubacar Bah

Affiliation University Ignace Deen, Conakry, Republic of Guinea

Per Gustafson

Affiliation Bandim Health Project, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau

Peter Aaby

Affiliation Bandim Health Project, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau

Keith P. W. J. McAdam

Affiliation Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia

Oumou Bah-Sow

Affiliation University Ignace Deen, Conakry, Republic of Guinea

Christian Lienhardt

Affiliations Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), UMR 145, Dakar, Senegal

Giorgio Sirugo

Affiliation Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia

Paul Fine

Affiliation London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Adrian V. S. Hill

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: PF SC CK FV AH CL KT. Performed the experiments: FV. Analyzed the data: FV SF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GS KM PF PA FV AH DJ SF AC CL LS BB PG OB. Wrote the paper: FV.