About the Authors

Staffan Bensch

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: staffan.bensch@zooekol.lu.se

Affiliation Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Henrik Andrén

Affiliation Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Conservation Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden

Bengt Hansson

Affiliation Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Hans Chr. Pedersen

Affiliation Division of Terrestrial Ecology, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway

Håkan Sand

Affiliation Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Conservation Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden

Douglas Sejberg

Affiliation Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Petter Wabakken

Affiliation Hedmark University College, Faculty of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Koppang, Norway

Mikael Åkesson

Affiliation Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Olof Liberg

Affiliation Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Conservation Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SB HA HS PW OL. Analyzed the data: SB BH SD MA OL DS. Wrote the paper: SB BH MA. Other: Evaluated genotypes for the construction of the pedigree: OL. Ran the microsatellite analyses: DS MA. Organised field work and data collection: HP HS PW.